Personal Narrative- Varsity Volleyball Essays - 528 Words

Personal Narrative- Varsity Volleyball I first started playing volleyball at a very young age. I was in the seventh grade when my volleyball career started. My sister started playing in the seventh grade and I just wanted to follow her footsteps. My seventh grade year was ok because I had just started out and really didn’t know the game. There was A team and a B team, where A team was better than the B team. I tried my best to be on the A-team, but guess where I ended up, on the B team. No matter what team I was on I never gave up. I was so determined that my eight-grade year was going to be different. Sure enough, I ended up on the A-team in the eight-grade. I thought that was the most wonderful thing in the world; I though all†¦show more content†¦Once again I never gave up. Here comes high school. My friends and I from middle school all went to the same high school, and played volleyball once again. The only difference between us was when I was on the B team they were on the A-team, and when I was sitting on the bench they were playing. We got to high school and things didn’t change, they were on JV as a freshman, and little old me was still on the freshman team. I decided that for the next year they weren’t going to be better than I am. I worked so hard the summer going to my 10th grade year. I didn’t have a summer because I was always in the gym or working out. No one could tell me that I wasn’t going to be better. I can still remember it like it was yesterday, sitting in volleyball practice the first couple of days. It was the last day of the week and coach was handing out uniforms. She started off with the varsity team; she started calling names of the girls who was going to be on the varsity team. On that list guess whos name was on there, mine, and guess whose wasn’t, those girls that was always better than I was. I was a three-year varsity letterman through out high school. My volleyball career thought me a lot. On thing I can always remember was a certain bible verse, â€Å"I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me.† That verse stuck with me all through out my volleyball career and is still with me as I play in college. My me never giving up IShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesLeaders 399 Case Incident 1 Leadership Mettle Forged in Battle 400 Case Incident 2 Leadership Factories 400 13 Power and Politics 411 A Definition of Power 412 Contrasting Leadership and Power 413 Bases of Power 414 Formal Power 414 †¢ Personal Power 415 †¢ Which Bases of Power Are Most Effective? 416 †¢ Power and Perceived Justice 416 Dependence: The Key to Power 416 The General Dependence Postulate 416 †¢ What Creates Dependence? 417 Power Tactics 418 Sexual Harassment: Unequal Power in

Essay on Benefits of RFID in Supply Chain Management

Introduction Overview of Automatic Identification techniques used in SCM Automatic identification is a technique which is used as an identification method for keeping appropriate stock units in the supply chain management, uses technologies such as RFID, barcodes etc. (Automatic Identification and Its Role in Warehouse Management, 2013). Automatic identification is a process of automatically recognizing the items, gathering the information about them, and entering that information right into computers without human intervention (What is Auto-ID, 2013). This process can also include gathering of external information through images, sounds or videos, transforming it into a digital file and keeping this file for future use. In order to manage†¦show more content†¦They continuously emit radio frequency waves, which are capture by a receiver with a Radio Frequency antenna (Automatic Identification and Its Role in Warehouse Management, 2013). This antenna enables the chip to transfer the identification data to a reader. The reader then converts the rad io waves from the RFID tag into digital data that can be make use of by storing in the computers (What is Auto-ID, 2013). There are two types of RFID tags, RFID Active Tags Active RFID tags contain an internal battery that acts as a continuous power source. These tags require very low signal strength that can access up to a range of 100 meters and it can recognize thousands of tags at a time. These tags have an ability to read and write the data by storing up to 128kb of data (What is Auto-ID, 2013). RFID Passive Tags Passive RFID tags do not have an internal battery so they acquire power through the transmission of energy from radio frequencies that emit from a reader. Hence, in order to receive the power these tags have to be in the range of the reader and require very high signal strength. These can also recognize hundreds of tags at a time if they are in the range of 3-5 meters from the reader. These tags have an ability to read and write the data by storing up to 128kb of data (What is Auto-ID, 2013). Statement of purpose Supply chain management controls and manages the supplies and the information about the products from the procurement of rawShow MoreRelatedWhat is Supply Chain Management? Essay1492 Words   |  6 Pagesstagnant while led to exponential growth of continuously evolving companies. Supply chain, which was once considered a small part of operations, has now become one of the most important departments. â€Å"The term Supply chain management encompasses the planning and management of all activities involved in sourcing and procurement, conversion, and all logistics management activities.† as quoted by the council of Supply Chain Management Professionals.[1] In current competitive environment, to attain utmostRead MoreThe Radio Frequency Identification Device ( Rfid ) Essay1625 Words   |  7 PagesDevice (RFID) is a powerful technology for companies in the logistics and supply chain management industry. According to Jakobs (2000), he states that the RFID system use tiny tags with embedded microchips that contains data. This data contains the location and information about the product/item and transfers the data to RFID readers through radio signals. The RFID system is my innovation solution to improving the technologies Hunzal currently use in managing their logistics and supply chain. RFIDRead MoreRadio Frequency Identity Tags in Supply Chain Management Essay1494 Words   |  6 PagesRadio Frequency Identity Tags (RFID) can greatly improve a company’s performance. RFID can be used as a tool for optimizing business processes and improve the efficiency of operations. It is used in a wide variety of areas. Here, in this report we will explore the possibility of RFID in supply chain management. It may improve the potential benefits of supply chain management through increase of the four factors: efficiency, accuracy, visibility, and security. RFID technology has a great potentialRead MoreAdoption Of The Supply Chain Management1348 Words   |  6 Pagesthe â€Å"Supply Chain Management† of the organisations? An Individual Research Report Submitted By – SRIJAN CHAKRABORTY GMAY14IBWM061 I. Table of Contents Contents Page No. 1) Introduction 2 2) RFID Explained 2 (i) What is RFID’s History? 2 (ii) How RFID changed the way business was done? 2 (iii) What are the issues with RFID? 3 (iv) Will RFID be widespreadRead MoreEssay on The Role and the Importance of Supply Chain Management 1612 Words   |  7 Pages1. Introduction The report highlights in detail the role and the importance of Supply Chain Management (SCM) in an organization with respect to Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and its growing impact in the industry and talks about the changing SCM trends keeping RFID as the focal point. Over the past few years, the increasing dynamism and competition in the business operating environment has led to a lot of changes in how the companies conduct themselves with respect to its customers. CustomersRead More21st Century Supply Chain Technologies1015 Words   |  5 Pages21st Century Supply Chain Technologies Introduction With the increasing integration of the global economy, supply chain management has become an international economic and trade activities in the necessary supporting link, and the rapid development of technology in recent years, also makes a variety of supply chain management efficiency greatly improved. Particularly, the fast development of supply chain management can’t without technologies, so this report would introduce what technologies usedRead MoreQuestions On Supply Chain Management1479 Words   |  6 Pages Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.3 Supply Chain Management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 RFID- Radio Frequency Identification†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.................4 Types of RFID’s†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..................5 History†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 Barcodes RFID†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 Supply Chain RFID†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Applications of RFID’s...................................................Read MoreRadio Frequency Identification ( Rfid )1582 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Æ' Table of Contents Introduction 2 What is RFID? 2 RFID in Supply chain management 2 How has RFID implementation improved Supply chain performance at Wal-Mart 3 Impact of RFID technology on SCM Effectiveness – Food Industry in Iran 3 Short comings of RFID 5 Future of RFID 5 References 6 Introduction In this paper we will discuss how Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) influences the role and importance of supply chain management in organizations. This paper will also discussRead MoreAdvanced Technology And Supply Chain Management1434 Words   |  6 Pagesexplore one technology that has made a great impact on the supply chain and is increasingly becoming more popular. The Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) as an advanced technology in supply chain management is the technological solution most firms are looking at these days. RFID Technology is a smarter way to track shipments, time deliveries, and keep inventories which in turn makes operations faster and more efficient. Moreover, RFID helps the organization to enhance its overall efficiency. ButRead More Using RFID Technology to Replace Bar Codes and Scanners in the Harley-Davidson Company1720 Words   |  7 Pagesvarious dealerships may consider implementing RFID technology as a means of increasing the efficiency of all parts of its supply chain. An abstract from Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia describes Radio-frequency identification (RFID), as a technology that uses radio waves to transmit data and uniquely identify an animal, person or thing. This case study looks at the potential use of RFID technology to replace bar codes and scanners in Harley-Davidson supply chain. It indentifies some pros and cons of its

Managing Mergers Acquisitions and Strategic Alliancees

Question: Describe about the Managing Mergers Acquisitions and Strategic Alliancees. Answer: Introduction The author in this report wants to highlight the scenario of the drop in price of oils in the energy sector during the period 2014-2016. The companies in the energy sector has faced a very difficult time during this period. The sudden drop in the prices of oils has adversely affected the profits earned by the company during this time and the spending of the company on different projects. Hence, the company had to maintain a balance between the short-term viability and the long term investments and objectives. Undergoing through these hard times, the oil companies all over the world had implemented different strategies to overcome the difficulties. These strategies helped the oil companies to improve and stabilise their positions by attaining new resources and technologies or by entering into new markets. Many companies in the energy sector have implemented the merger and acquisition strategy (WƦtorek et al. 2016). The Economists consider the drastic fall in the prices of oil all over the world over the period of the last two years to be one of the most significant developments in the world of macroeconomics. Statistics reveal that the prices of oil have fallen from a summit of $115 for each barrel in the month of June 2014 to under $35 towards the end of the month of February in 2016. Economists also stated that this sharp decline in the prices of oils is very similar to the situations in the year 1985 to 1986 when the members of OPEC had reversed the previous cuts of production. A similar situation also arose due to the financial crisis that occurred all over the globe back in 2008- 2009 (World Economic Forum 2016). It has become necessary for the economists to understand the underlying and deep-rooted causes that results in the drop in price of oils. Only then the economists can interpret the effects of the drop in price of oils. Many studies on the reasons behind the drop in price of oils denote that the growth of some of the emerging markets across the world has declined. Many economists and scholars are of the view that this has resulted in the drop in prices of the commodities all over the world. The decline in prices of oils is much steeper than the decline in prices of other commodities like food products and metals. Economists suggests that the rise in supply of oil as well as the fall in demand for oil all over the world play important roles in bringing down the price of oil to a low level. Many governments of developing nations have taken full advantage of this scenario. The governments have reduced the subsidies on consumption of fuel. In this way the governments strengthen their fiscal policy (Weber et al. 2016). The above diagram depicts the scenario of the decline in prices of oils after the year 2014.In order to overcome the problem of falling prices of oil all across the world, the oil companies have undertaken different strategies to maintain a balance. The author in this report discusses on such strategy of merger and acquisition by citing examples from the present scenario. Factors affecting the decline in oil prices The sudden decline in oil prices all over the world between 2014-2016 has become a cause of serious concern for the economists, the consumers and the oil suppliers of the world. Many people try to find out the underlying causes that affect the drop in oil prices. The economists are of the view that there are both internal and external factors that may be present in the economy to regulate the oil prices (Baumeister et al. 2016). The author in this report tries to throw light on some of these underlying factors. Economist all over the world uniformly considers the Brent price of crude oil to be the proxy for the price of oils accepted globally. The crude oils Brent price was quiet stable for the past few years before 2014. There was a sudden dip in the prices of the crude oil, which led the market analysts, and economists of the world to think deeply into the matter. The drop in the prices of oil has put the oil producers across the world under severe pressure. Many people all over the world have raised questions about the sustainability and dependability of other alternative forms of production of energy. Many people fear that such steep decline in the oil prices may affect the political and economic stability of the countries that mainly survive on production of oils (Voxeu.org 2016). Some market analysts and observers claim that the factors specific to the market for oil plated significant roles in causing the drop in the prices of oils. Some of the market experts suggest that the contributions of the positive shocks of oil supply after the year of 2014 are very high. The countries of Iraq, Libya and the United States have faced this kind of a situation in the recent past. The economists draw the attention of the people all over the world to the issues of the major shock to the expectation of oil prices (Kilian 2014). The shock occurred OPEC announced that it would try to keep the current production of oils at the same level despite the rise in production of oils in many other non-OPEC countries. OPEC announced this in late November of 2014 when the prices of oils had already began to drop. The author wants to discuss some of the other factors affecting the prices of oil during 2014-2016. Some of these factors are as follows: Economy of China: China is the country, which is the second largest oil consumer in the world. China surpassed United States in terms of import of liquid fluids in the year 2013. Most of the Economists of the world predict that the oil consumption of China would increase in the next few years. That would affect the prices of oil to a great extent. Shale of America: United States produced more than 9 million barrels of oil in each day by the end of 2014. This value increased over 80% from the year 2007. The output of oil that the United States produced generated an excess amount of oil in the market. This resulted in fall in prices of the oil in 2014 (Hefner 2014). Studies reveal that the number of oil rigs in the country continues to reduce. The country has reduced the spending on oil but the output of oil has been stable so far. The ability of the country to maintain the output would affect the prices of oil. Elasticity of demand: The higher demand for oil all over the world has resulted in the fall in prices of oil. In the year 2016, the gasoline prices in the U.S are below 2.40 dollars, which is more than 35% below the price in 2014. This has resulted in a rise in the consumption of gasoline. Move of OPEC: Many economists consider OPECs moves to be one of the important factors in bringing down the prices of oil in the period of 2014-2016. The crashing of oil prices demonstrates the influence of OPECs decisions on the changing prices of oils (Colgan 2014). Geopolitical factors: a small disruption in the supply of oil would result in huge change in the prices of oil. The early 2014 witnessed violence in Libya that disturbed the exports of oil. This has affected the price of oil in that country. Some other countries like Iraq also faced similar situations. Hence, one can observe that the geopolitical disturbances are some of the most important factors that affect the prices of oil (OilPrice.com 2016). Merger and Acquisition strategy During the crisis period of sudden drop in the prices of oil during the period of 2014 to 2016, the oil producing companies in the energy sector has resorted to different strategies to fight with the problem. The firms consider the merger and acquisition to be strategies of growth. By following the strategies of merger and acquisition, the companies can enter into new markets and can get access to new technologies (Cartwright and Cooper 2012). The companies resort to the strategies of merger and acquisitions by consolidating significant resources, physical and financial assets, tradable endowments and names of brands. The most thought about strategies of integration and merging includes the best practices of the organisations. Some of the root assets strategies comprises of retention of talent, cohesion of culture and collaborative leadership (Successful Acquisitions 2013). The goals and aims of the oil firms in the mode of acquisition are to enter new markets, widening the base of customers, achieving cost and scale synergies. The author describes some of the golden rules that the oil companies follow as part of the strategies for successful acquisition and merger deal: The oil companies first examine the market position of the target company with which they are going to make the merger and acquisition deal. This helps the oil company to choose the best target company. The company can also fix the deal of merger and acquisition at the most appropriate price. The oil companies predict the future opportunities of the market, recent trends in the market and the reaction of the customers to the product of the target market. This would help the oil company to assess and estimate the potential of growth of the company. After finalizing the deal of merger and acquisition, the company should start the process of integration well on time. When both the companies negotiate to make the deal of merger and acquisition, the management of both the companies needs to fix proper strategies of integration. This would ensure that both the companies do not face any unnecessary problems after the deal closes. If the oil company plans to restructure the company with which it is making the deal, then the company should clearly explain the restructuring plan to the target company. The company should implement the restructuring policy at the time of making the deal so that both the companies can avoid any form of uncertainty. It forms a very important part of the merger and acquisition strategy for the company to clearly understand the working conditions and environment of the target company before entering into the deal. The oil company should understand the work culture of the target company so that after the acquisition, the workers of the target company do no feel demoralized. The company should make the effort to keep the employees well informed and encourage them to work hard (Cartwright and Cooper 2014). Examples of merger and acquisition deals The author describes some of the examples of the merger and acquisition deals that occurred in 2014 to 2016. In the United States, the companies Noble, Exxon, WPX and Vangard has involved in an acquisition deal. Some other companies of different countries also made purchases in the international market. Some of these examples include Vedanta in India, Sequa in Norway (Serdar Dinc and Erel 2013). BP also showed interest in the Siberian Project. Schlumberger announced the acquisition of Cameron, which helped in the acquisition and merger activities of the service sector. Sun Edison is the sponsor of the two yield companies of the United States namely the TerraForm power and the other company is TerraForm Global (Ptri et al. 2014). Benefits and drawbacks of merger and acquisition deals Benefits There are a large number of benefits associated with the merger and acquisition deals between the companies. The acquisitions and merger policies can generate efficiency of cost through scale economics. The merger and acquisition strategies can improve the revenue generated by the company through gain in the share of the company in the market. The merger and acquisition can generate gain in the taxes (Schmidt 2015). The author describes the main advantages of the merger and acquisition policies in the following discussion: Higher value generation: The acquisitions and mergers often result in the increase in the generated value of the company. The managers and leaders of the company expect that the value of the shares of the company would increase after the acquisitions and mergers. This value would be greater than the total of the shareholder values of the main oil company (Phillips and Zhdanov 2013). Acquisitions and mergers help in gaining taxes and can lead to enhance the revenue through gain in the market share. The company who enters into the deal of mergers and acquisition expects that the target company will generate higher values of the shares. The new shares would be higher than the total of the shares of the separate companies. The mergers and acquisitions prove to be very beneficial to the companies that are going through tough phases in their business. If the company suffers from losses in the market, the company can resort to merger and acquisition deals. If the company has strong presence in the market then it can buy out a weaker firm. This deal would provide more competitiveness and cost efficiency. The target company gets the benefit as it can overcome the difficult situation it was facing in the market. It is due to some of these advantages that small and weaker firms agree to get into the merger and acquisition deals (World Finance 2016). Challenges There are some challenges that the oil companies faces during the merger and acquisition programs. The author in this report describes some of the challenges faced by the organisations as follows: Challenges in communication: Researchers and scholars have conducted survey on the companies that have entered into the acquisition and merger deals. The main findings of the survey reveal that the challenges in communication are one of the significant factors, which results in the failure of the merger and acquisition deals. Some of the fundamental aspects of integration include communication with the workers and empowering and motivating them. When the companies enter into the merger and acquisition deals, the employees of both higher and lower levels are kept in darkness and uncertainty (Galpin and Herndon 2014). Challenges in retention of the employees: The merger and acquisition deals of many companies reveal issues in the retention of employees. Some employees feel negative attitudes at the time of merger and acquisitions. This results in a feeling of uncertainty regarding the future of the direction and path of the organisation, security of jobs and confusion about the job. This eventually results in the loss of faith and trust of the employees on the organisation (Stahl et al. 2013). Cultural disadvantages: There are some cultural implications that can occur due to the merger and acquisition deals of the companies. Studies regarding the merger and acquisition deals highlight that nearly 30% of the acquisition and merger deals fail due to the differences in culture of the two organisations. When two companies engage in the merger and acquisition deals, there is a change in the practices and strategies of management. This sudden shift can have negative impacts on the workers of the organisation. The sudden change also disrupts the smooth flow of work in the companies (Impraise Blog 2016). Conclusion In the report, the author clearly depicts the strategies of the merger and acquisition deals between the oil companies. One can easily conclude that despite of all the drawbacks that are associated with the merger and acquisition deals, the deals provide great benefits to the merging companies. The merger and acquisition deals helped the oil companies during the crisis period of drop in oil prices during the years of 2014 to 2016 to gain back their positions. The oil companies gained back their market shares by employing the merger and acquisition deals during the period of drop in oil prices. References: Baumeister, C., Kilian, L. and Lee, T.K., 2016. Inside the crystal ball: New approaches to predicting the gasoline price at the pump.Journal of Applied Econometrics. Cartwright, S. and Cooper, C.L., 2012.Managing Mergers Acquisitions and Strategic Alliances. Routledge. Cartwright, S. and Cooper, C.L., 2014.Mergers and acquisitions: The human factor. Butterworth-Heinemann. Colgan, J.D., 2014. The emperor has no clothes: The limits of OPEC in the global oil market.International Organization,68(03), pp.599-632. Galpin, T.J. and Herndon, M., 2014.The complete guide to mergers and acquisitions: Process tools to support MA integration at every level. John Wiley Sons. Hefner III, R.A., 2014. United States of Gas: Why the Shale Revolution Could Have Happened Only in America, The.Foreign Aff.,93, p.9. Impraise Blog - Employee performance management, reviews and 360 feedback. (2016). The Challenges with Mergers Acquisitions. [online] Available at: https://blog.impraise.com/360-feedback/mergers-and-acquisition-challenges. Kilian, L., 2014. Oil price shocks: causes and consequences. OilPrice.com. (2016). Top Five Factors Affecting Oil Prices In 2015 | OilPrice.com. [online] Available at: https://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/Top-Five-Factors-Affecting-Oil-Prices-In-2015.html Ptri, S., Arminen, H., Tuppura, A. and Jantunen, A., 2014. Competitive and responsible? The relationship between corporate social and financial performance in the energy sector.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,37, pp.142-154. Phillips, G.M. and Zhdanov, A., 2013. RD and the Incentives from Merger and Acquisition Activity.Review of Financial Studies,26(1), pp.34-78. Schmidt, B., 2015. Costs and benefits of friendly boards during mergers and acquisitions.Journal of Financial Economics,117(2), pp.424-447. Serdar Dinc, I. and Erel, I., 2013. Economic nationalism in mergers and acquisitions.The Journal of Finance,68(6), pp.2471-2514. Stahl, G.K., Angwin, D.N., Very, P., Gomes, E., Weber, Y., Tarba, S.Y., Noorderhaven, N., Benyamini, H., Bouckenooghe, D., Chreim, S. and Durand, M., 2013. Sociocultural integration in mergers and acquisitions: Unresolved paradoxes and directions for future research.Thunderbird International Business Review,55(4), pp.333-356. Successful Acquisitions. (2013). Top 5 Strategic Drivers of Oil and Gas MA. [online] Available at: https://successfulacquisitions.net/top-5-strategic-drivers-of-oil-and-gas-ma. Voxeu.org. (2016). Causes of the 2014 oil price decline | VOX, CEPRs Policy Portal. [online] Available at: https://voxeu.org/article/causes-2014-oil-price-decline. WƦtorek, M., DroÃ…Â ¼dÃ…Â ¼, S. and OņºwiÄâ„ ¢cimka, P., 2016. World Financial 2014-2016 Market Bubbles: Oil Negative-US Dollar Positive.arXiv preprint arXiv:1606.01218. Weber, J.G., Wang, Y. and Chomas, M., 2016. A Quantitative Description of State-Level Taxation of Oil and Gas Production in the Continental US. World Economic Forum. (2016). Whats behind the drop in oil prices?. [online] Available at: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/03/what-s-behind-the-drop-in-oil-prices World Finance. (2016). Benefits of Mergers and Acquisitions. [online] Available at: https://finance.mapsofworld.com/merger-acquisition/benefits.html.

Visions of America Abstraction Essays - Visual Arts, Art Movements

Visions of America: Abstraction Amber B. Williamson ARTS/125 February 23, 2016 Jamie Welch Abstract Style A group of early American modernists began to create beautiful pieces that did not make sense to fellow artist. They used a style that included lots of shapes, forms, colors, and textures to create a feeling for external reality. Thus, Abstract Expressionism was born. This type of art originated in New York. Many pieces such as Rush Hour by Max Weber uses diagonal shapes to represent the rushing city life. He tries to show movement and capture the powerful rhythms of the streets through his eyes. Another form of art that uses angles and shapes is Cubism. This form of art started in France with Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso. Without the development of Cubism artist would not be able to see beyond traditional art. New styles of art would have never been discovered. Today, Cubism has allowed us to use our critical thinking and see the many sided of an image. I feel that it has paved the way for 3d and 4d images. I am a very creative person. I try to fine the use out of everything that I come across. I tend to take ordinary items and create something with them that you wouldn't expect. Without Cubism, America would have never had the opportunity to experience this creative and unique form of art. Abstract Expressionism is by far my favorite style. With the crazy designs and vibrant colors, it allows me to create my own expression and emotions about the piece. It also allows me to see the beauty inside the art rather then what is just in front of me. References . Doss, E. (2002, April). Oxford History of Art: Twentieth-Century American Art. Cary, NC, USA: OUP Oxford. Retrieved from ebrary, 289. . Representational Cityscape [video clip]. (2011). Modern Dreams: Art of America. Retrieved from Films on Demand.

World War I notes essays

World War I notes essays Imperialism: strong nations extend economics political or military control over weaker coutnries Sun never set on a british empire British controlled all over world Americans wanted Cuba for sugar and Slaves in 1825. Spain took control of Cuba wanted U.S. help to get spain out. President was Mckinley. Dulom wrote a letter mad abou cuba, wanted mckinley to resign The U.S. Maine blew up, we blamed it on spain -1917 WIB: War Industrial Board went up %20 George Crelel: Selling war to America, Food is amunition, save it The great Immigration moved North to bigger cities and the immigrants got soldiers old jobs. Fall 1918 flu killed 40,000,000 worldwide from Chinese Immigrants Women gave up a lot of clothing for uniforms and 2 battlecruisers Anyone who interfeared and said something bad about the war dies or gets punished National: taking care of ones countries first; closing borders Imperialism: nations authority in toher coutnries Militaryism: Armed forces to keep control Alliance: If counties join military forces -Roosevelt Cordlary: He made a statemetn to Europe to stay out of America US is given an opportunity to have land Tried to Americanize peurto Ricansand americans disrespected them them =Platt Amendment was made to maintain order and peace like the constitution ...

Full Text of General Act of the Berlin Conference on West Africa

Full Text of General Act of the Berlin Conference on West Africa Signed by the representatives of the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, the United States of America, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Russia, Sweden-Norway, and Turkey (Ottoman Empire). (Printable version  of this text) GENERAL ACT OF THE CONFERENCE AT BERLIN OF THE PLENIPOTENTIARIES OF GREAT BRITAIN, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, BELGIUM, DENMARK, FRANCE, GERMANY, ITALY, THE NETHERLANDS, PORTUGAL, RUSSIA, SPAIN, SWEDEN AND NORWAY, TURKEY AND THE UNITED STATES RESPECTING: (1) FREEDOM OF TRADE IN THE BASIN OF THE CONGO; (2) THE SLAVE TRADE; (3) NEUTRALITY OF THE TERRITORIES IN THE BASIN OF THE CONGO; (4) NAVIGATION OF THE CONGO; (5) NAVIGATION OF THE NIGER; AND (6) RULES FOR FUTURE OCCUPATION ON THE COAST OF THE AFRICAN CONTINENT In the Name of God Almighty. Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Empress of India; His Majesty the German Emperor, King of Prussia; His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc, and Apostolic King of Hungary; His Majesty the King of the Belgians; His Majesty the King of Denmark; His Majesty the King of Spain; the President of the United States of America; the President of the French Republic; His Majesty the King of Italy; His Majesty the King of the Netherlands, Grand Duke of Luxemburg, etc; His Majesty the King of Portugal and the Algarves, etc; His Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias; His Majesty the King of Sweden and Norway, etc; and His Majesty the Emperor of the Ottomans, WISHING, in a spirit of good and mutual accord, to regulate the conditions most favourable to the development of trade and civilization in certain regions of Africa, and to assure to all nations the advantages of free navigation on the two chief rivers of Africa flowing into the Atlantic Ocean; BEING DESIROUS, on the other hand, to obviate the misunderstanding and disputes which might in future arise from new acts of occupation (prises de possession) on the coast of Africa; and concerned, at the same time, as to the means of furthering the moral and material well-being of the native populations; HAVE RESOLVED, on the invitation addressed to them by the Imperial Government of Germany, in agreement with the Government of the French Republic, to meet for those purposes in Conference at Berlin, and have appointed as their Plenipotentiaries, to wit: [Names of plenipotentiaries included here.] Who, being provided with full powers, which have been found in good and due form, have successively discussed and adopted: 1. A Declaration relative to freedom of trade in the basin of the Congo, its embouchures and circumjacent regions, with other provisions connected therewith. 2. A Declaration relative to the slave trade, and the operations by sea or land which furnish slaves to that trade. 3. A Declaration relative to the neutrality of the territories comprised in the Conventional basin of the Congo. 4. An Act of Navigation for the Congo, which, while having regard to local circumstances, extends to this river, its affluents, and the waters in its system (eaux qui leur sont assimilà ©es), the general principles enunciated in Articles 58 and 66 of the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna, and intended to regulate, as between the Signatory Powers of that Act, the free navigation of the waterways separating or traversing several States - these said principles having since then been applied by agreement to certain rivers of Europe and America, but especially to the Danube, with the modifications stipulated by the Treaties of Paris (1856), of Berlin (1878), and of London (1871 and 1883). 5. An Act of Navigation for the Niger, which, while likewise having regard to local circumstances, extends to this river and its affluents the same principles as set forth in Articles 58 and 66 of the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna. 6. A Declaration introducing into international relations certain uniform rules with reference to future occupations on the coast of the African Continent. And deeming it expedient that all these several documents should be combined in one single instrument, they (the Signatory Powers) have collected them into one General Act, composed of the following Articles: CHAPTER I DECLARATION RELATIVE TO FREEDOM OF TRADE IN THE BASIN OF THE CONGO, ITS MOUTHS AND CIRCUMJACENT REGIONS, WITH OTHER PROVISIONS CONNECTED THEREWITH Article 1 The trade of all nations shall enjoy complete freedom- 1. In all the regions forming the basin of the Congo and its outlets. This basin is bounded by the watersheds (or mountain ridges) of the adjacent basins, namely, in particular, those of the Niari, the Ogowà ©, the Schari, and the Nile, on the north; by the eastern watershed line of the affluents of Lake Tanganyika on the east; and by the watersheds of the basins of the Zambesi and the Logà © on the south. It therefore comprises all the regions watered by the Congo and its affluents, including Lake Tanganyika, with its eastern tributaries. 2. In the maritime zone extending along the Atlantic Ocean from the parallel situated in 2 º30 of south latitude to the mouth of the Logà ©. The northern boundary will follow the parallel situated in 2 º30 from the coast to the point where it meets the geographical basin of the Congo, avoiding the basin of the Ogowà ©, to which the provisions of the present Act do not apply. The southern boundary will follow the course of the Logà © to its source, and thence pass eastwards till it joins the geographical basin of the Congo. 3. In the zone stretching eastwards from the Congo Basin, as above defined, to the Indian Ocean from 5 degrees of north latitude to the mouth of the Zambesi in the south, from which point the line of demarcation will ascend the Zambesi to 5 miles above its confluence with the Shirà ©, and then follow the watershed between the affluents of Lake Nyassa and those of the Zambesi, till at last it reaches the watershed between the waters of the Zambesi and the Congo. It is expressly recognized that in extending the principle of free trade to this eastern zone the Conference Powers only undertake engagements for themselves, and that in the territories belonging to an independent Sovereign State this principle shall only be applicable in so far as it is approved by such State. But the Powers agree to use their good offices with the Governments established on the African shore of the Indian Ocean for the purpose of obtaining such approval, and in any case of securing the most favourable conditions to the transit (traffic) of all nations. Article 2 All flags, without distinction of nationality, shall have free access to the whole of the coastline of the territories above enumerated, to the rivers there running into the sea, to all the waters of the Congo and its affluents, including the lakes, and to all the ports situate on the banks of these waters, as well as to all canals which may in future be constructed with intent to unite the watercourses or lakes within the entire area of the territories described in Article 1. Those trading under such flags may engage in all sorts of transport, and carry on the coasting trade by sea and river, as well as boat traffic, on the same footing as if they were subjects. Article 3 Wares, of whatever origin, imported into these regions, under whatsoever flag, by sea or river, or overland, shall be subject to no other taxes than such as may be levied as fair compensation for expenditure in the interests of trade, and which for this reason must be equally borne by the subjects themselves and by foreigners of all nationalities. All differential dues on vessels, as well as on merchandise, are forbidden. Article 4 Merchandise imported into these regions shall remain free from import and transit dues. The Powers reserve to themselves to determine after the lapse of twenty years whether this freedom of import shall be retained or not. Article 5 No Power which exercises or shall exercise sovereign rights in the abovementioned regions shall be allowed to grant therein a monopoly or favour of any kind in matters of trade. Foreigners, without distinction, shall enjoy protection of their persons and property, as well as the right of acquiring and transferring movable and immovable possessions; and national rights and treatment in the exercise of their professions. PROVISIONS RELATIVE TO PROTECTION OF THE NATIVES, OF MISSIONARIES AND TRAVELLERS, AS WELL AS RELATIVE TO RELIGIOUS LIBERTY Article 6 All the Powers exercising sovereign rights or influence in the aforesaid territories bind themselves to watch over the preservation of the native tribes, and to care for the improvement of the conditions of their moral and material well-being, and to help in suppressing slavery, and especially the slave trade. They shall, without distinction of creed or nation, protect and favour all religious, scientific or charitable institutions and undertakings created and organized for the above ends, or which aim at instructing the natives and bringing home to them the blessings of civilization. Christian missionaries, scientists and explorers, with their followers, property and collections, shall likewise be the objects of especial protection. Freedom of conscience and religious toleration are expressly guaranteed to the natives, no less than to subjects and to foreigners. The free and public exercise of all forms of divine worship, and the right to build edifices for religious purposes, and to organize religious missions belonging to all creeds, shall not be limited or fettered in any way whatsoever. POSTAL REGIME Article 7 The Convention of the Universal Postal Union, as revised at Paris 1 June 1878, shall be applied to the Conventional basin of the Congo. The Powers who therein do or shall exercise rights of sovereignty or Protectorate engage, as soon as circumstances permit them, to take the measures necessary for the carrying out of the preceding provision. RIGHT OF SURVEILLANCE VESTED IN THE INTERNATIONAL NAVIGATION COMMISSION OF THE CONGO Article 8 In all parts of the territory had in view by the present Declaration, where no Power shall exercise rights of sovereignty or Protectorate, the International Navigation Commission of the Congo, instituted in virtue of Article 17, shall be charged with supervising the application of the principles proclaimed and perpetuated (consacrà ©s) by this Declaration. In all cases of difference arising relative to the application of the principles established by the present Declaration, the Governments concerned may agree to appeal to the good offices of the International Commission, by submitting to it an examination of the facts which shall have occasioned these differences. CHAPTER II DECLARATION RELATIVE TO THE SLAVE TRADE Article 9 Seeing that trading in slaves is forbidden in conformity with the principles of international law as recognized by the Signatory Powers, and seeing also that the operations, which, by sea or land, furnish slaves to trade, ought likewise to be regarded as forbidden, the Powers which do or shall exercise sovereign rights or influence in the territories forming the Conventional basin of the Congo declare that these territories may not serve as a market or means of transit for the trade in slaves, of whatever race they may be. Each of the Powers binds itself to employ all the means at its disposal for putting an end to this trade and for punishing those who engage in it. CHAPTER III DECLARATION RELATIVE TO THE NEUTRALITY OF THE TERRITORIES COMPRISED IN THE CONVENTIONAL BASIN OF THE CONGO Article 10 In order to give a new guarantee of security to trade and industry, and to encourage, by the maintenance of peace, the development of civilization in the countries mentioned in Article 1, and placed under the free trade system, the High Signatory Parties to the present Act, and those who shall hereafter adopt it, bind themselves to respect the neutrality of the territories, or portions of territories, belonging to the said countries, comprising therein the territorial waters, so long as the Powers which exercise or shall exercise the rights of sovereignty or Protectorate over those territories, using their option of proclaiming themselves neutral, shall fulfil the duties which neutrality requires. Article 11 In case a Power exercising rights of sovereignty or Protectorate in the countries mentioned in Article 1, and placed under the free trade system, shall be involved in a war, then the High Signatory Parties to the present Act, and those who shall hereafter adopt it, bind themselves to lend their good offices in order that the territories belonging to this Power and comprised in the Conventional free trade zone shall, by the common consent of this Power and of the other belligerent or belligerents, be placed during the war under the rule of neutrality, and considered as belonging to a non-belligerent State, the belligerents thenceforth abstaining from extending hostilities to the territories thus neutralized, and from using them as a base for warlike operations. Article 12 In case a serious disagreement originating on the subject of, or in the limits of, the territories mentioned in Article 1, and placed under the free trade system, shall arise between any Signatory Powers of the present Act, or the Powers which may become parties to it, these Powers bind themselves, before appealing to arms, to have recourse to the mediation of one or more of the friendly Powers. In a similar case the same Powers reserve to themselves the option of having recourse to arbitration. CHAPTER IV ACT OF NAVIGATION FOR THE CONGO Article 13 The navigation of the Congo, without excepting any of its branches or outlets, is, and shall remain, free for the merchant ships of all nations equally, whether carrying cargo or ballast, for the transport of goods or passengers. It shall be regulated by the provisions of this Act of Navigation, and by the rules to be made in pursuance thereof. In the exercise of this navigation the subjects and flags of all nations shall in all respects be treated on a footing of perfect equality, not only for the direct navigation from the open sea to the inland ports of the Congo, and vice versa, but also for the great and small coasting trade, and for boat traffic on the course of the river. Consequently, on all the course and mouths of the Congo there will be no distinction made between the subjects of riverain States and those of non-riverain States, and no exclusive privilege of navigation will be conceded to companies, corporations or private persons whatsoever. These provisions are recognized by the Signatory Powers as becoming henceforth a part of international law. Article 14 The navigation of the Congo shall not be subject to any restriction or obligation which is not expressly stipulated by the present Act. It shall not be exposed to any landing dues, to any station or depot tax, or to any charge for breaking bulk, or for compulsory entry into port. In all the extent of the Congo the ships and goods in process of transit on the river shall be submitted to no transit dues, whatever their starting place or destination. There shall be levied no maritime or river toll based on the mere fact of navigation, nor any tax on goods aboard of ships. There shall only be levied taxes or duties having the character of an equivalent for services rendered to navigation itself, to wit: 1. Harbour dues on certain local establishments, such as wharves, warehouses, etc, if actually used. The tariff of such dues shall be framed according to the cost of constructing and maintaining the said local establishments; and it will be applied without regard to whence vessels come or what they are loaded with. 2. Pilot dues for those stretches of the river where it may be necessary to establish properly qualified pilots. The tariff of these dues shall be fixed and calculated in proportion to the service rendered. 3. Charges raised to cover technical and administrative expenses incurred in the general interest of navigation, including lighthouse, beacon and buoy duties. The lastmentioned dues shall be based on the tonnage of vessels as shown by the ships papers, and in accordance with the rules adopted on the Lower Danube. The tariffs by which the various dues and taxes enumerated in the three preceding paragraphs shall be levied shall not involve any differential treatment, and shall be officially published at each port. The Powers reserve to themselves to consider, after the lapse of five years, whether it may be necessary to revise, by common accord, the abovementioned tariffs. Article 15 The affluents of the Congo shall in all respects be subject to the same rules as the river of which they are tributaries. And the same rules shall apply to the streams and river as well as the lakes and canals in the territories defined in paragraphs 2 and 3 of Article 1. At the same time the powers of the International Commission of the Congo will not extend to the said rivers, streams, lakes and canals, unless with the assent of the States under whose sovereignty they are placed. It is well understood, also, that with regard to the territories mentioned in paragraph 3 of Article 1 the consent of the Sovereign States owning these territories is reserved. Article 16 The roads, railways or lateral canals which may be constructed with the special object of obviating the innavigability or correcting the imperfection of the river route on certain sections of the course of the Congo, its affluents, and other waterways placed under a similar system, as laid down in Article 15, shall be considered in their quality of means of communication as dependencies of this river, and as equally open to the traffic of all nations. And, as on the river itself, so there shall be collected on these roads, railways and canals only tolls calculated on the cost of construction, maintenance and management, and on the profits due to the promoters. As regards the tariff of these tolls, strangers and the natives of the respective territories shall be treated on a footing of perfect equality. Article 17 There is instituted an International Commission, charged with the execution of the provisions of the present Act of Navigation. The Signatory Powers of this Act, as well as those who may subsequently adhere to it, may always be represented on the said Commission, each by one delegate. But no delegate shall have more than one vote at his disposal, even in the case of his representing several Governments. This delegate will be directly paid by his Government. As for the various agents and employees of the International Commission, their remuneration shall be charged to the amount of the dues collected in conformity with paragraphs 2 and 3 of Article 14. The particulars of the said remuneration, as well as the number, grade and powers of the agents and employees, shall be entered in the returns to be sent yearly to the Governments represented on the International Commission. Article 18 The members of the International Commission, as well as its appointed agents, are invested with the privilege of inviolability in the exercise of their functions. The same guarantee shall apply to the offices and archives of the Commission. Article 19 The International Commission for the Navigation of the Congo shall be constituted as soon as five of the Signatory Powers of the present General Act shall have appointed their delegates. And, pending the constitution of the Commission, the nomination of these delegates shall be notified to the Imperial Government of Germany, which will see to it that the necessary steps are taken to summon the meeting of the Commission. The Commission will at once draw up navigation, river police, pilot and quarantine rules. These rules, as well as the tariffs to be framed by the Commission, shall, before coming into force, be submitted for approval to the Powers represented on the Commission. The Powers interested will have to communicate their views with as little delay as possible. Any infringement of these rules will be checked by the agents of the International Commission wherever it exercises direct authority, and elsewhere by the riverain Power. In the case of an abuse of power, or of an act of injustice, on the part of any agent or employee of the International Commission, the individual who considers himself to be aggrieved in his person or rights may apply to the consular agent of his country. The latter will examine his complaint, and if he finds it prima facie reasonable he will then be entitled to bring it before the Commission. At his instance then, the Commission, represented by at least three of its members, shall, in conjunction with him, inquire into the conduct of its agent or employee. Should the consular agent look upon the decision of the Commission as raising questions of law (objections de droit), he will report on the subject to his Government, which may then have recourse to the Powers represented on the Commission, and invite them to agree as to the instructions to be given to the Commission. Article 20 The International Commission of the Congo, charged in terms of Article 17 with the execution of the present Act of Navigation, shall in particular have power- 1. To decide what works are necessary to assure the navigability of the Congo in accordance with the needs of international trade. On those sections of the river where no Power exercises sovereign rights the International Commission will itself take the necessary measures for assuring the navigability of the river. On those sections of the river held by a Sovereign Power the International Commission will concert its action (sentendra) with the riparian authorities. 2. To fix the pilot tariff and that of the general navigation dues as provided for by paragraphs 2 and 3 of Article 14. The tariffs mentioned in the first paragraph of Article 14 shall be framed by the territorial authorities within the limits prescribed in the said Article. The levying of the various dues shall be seen to by the international or territorial authorities on whose behalf they are established. 3. To administer the revenue arising from the application of the preceding paragraph (2). 4. To superintend the quarantine establishment created in virtue of Article 24. 5. To appoint officials for the general service of navigation, and also its own proper employees. It will be for the territorial authorities to appoint sub-inspectors on sections of the river occupied by a Power, and for the International Commission to do so on the other sections. The riverain Power will notify to the International Commission the appointment of sub-inspectors, and this Power will undertake the payment of their salaries. In the exercise of its functions, as above defined and limited, the International Commission will be independent of the territorial authorities. Article 21 In the accomplishment of its task the International Commission may, if need be, have recourse to the war vessels of the Signatory Powers of this Act, and of those who may in future accede to it, under reserve, however, of the instructions which may be given to the commanders of these vessels by their respective Governments. Article 22 The war vessels of the Signatory Powers of this Act that may enter the Congo are exempt from payment of the navigation dues provided for in paragraph 3 of Article 14; but, unless their intervention has been called for by the International Commission or its agents, in terms of the preceding Article, they shall be liable to the payment of the pilot or harbour dues which may eventually be established. Article 23 With the view of providing for the technical and administrative expenses which it may incur, the International Commission created by Article 17 may, in its own name, negotiate loans to be exclusively guaranteed by the revenues raised by the said Commission. The decisions of the Commission dealing with the conclusion of a loan must be come to by a majority of two-thirds. It is understood that the Governments represented on the Commission shall not in any case be held as assuming any guarantee, or as contracting any engagement or joint liability (solidarità ©) with respect to the said loans, unless under special Conventions concluded by them to this effect. The revenue yielded by the dues specified in paragraph 3 of Article 14 shall bear, as a first charge, the payment of the interest and sinking fund of the said loans, according to agreement with the lenders. Article 24 At the mouth of the Congo there shall be founded, either on the initiative of the riverain Powers, or by the intervention of the International Commission, a quarantine establishment for the control of vessels passing out of as well as into the river. Later on the Powers will decide whether and on what conditions a sanitary control shall be exercised over vessels engaged in the navigation of the river itself. Article 25 The provisions of the present Act of Navigation shall remain in force in time of war. Consequently all nations, whether neutral or belligerent, shall be always free, for the purposes of trade, to navigate the Congo, its branches, affluents and mouths, as well as the territorial waters fronting the embouchure of the river. Traffic will similarly remain free, despite a state of war, on the roads, railways, lakes and canals mentioned in Articles 15 and 16. There will be no exception to this principle, except in so far as concerns the transport of articles intended for a belligerent, and in virtue of the law of nations regarded as contraband of war. All the works and establishments created in pursuance of the present Act, especially the tax collecting offices and their treasuries, as well as the permanent service staff of these establishments, shall enjoy the benefits of neutrality (placà ©s sous le rà ©gime de la neutralità ©), and shall, therefore, be respected and protected by belligerents. CHAPTER V ACT OF NAVIGATION FOR THE NIGER Article 26 The navigation of the Niger, without excepting any of its branches and outlets, is and shall remain entirely free for the merchant ships of all nations equally, whether with cargo or ballast, for the transportation of goods and passengers. It shall be regulated by the provisions of this Act of Navigation, and by the rules to be made in pursuance of this Act. In the exercise of this navigation the subjects and flags of all nations shall be treated, in all circumstances, on a footing of perfect equality, not only for the direct navigation from the open sea to the inland ports of the Niger, and vice versa, but for the great and small coasting trade, and for boat trade on the course of the river. Consequently, on all the course and mouths of the Niger there will be no distinction made between the subjects of the riverain States and those of non-riverain States; and no exclusive privilege of navigation will be conceded to companies, corporations or private persons. These provisions are recognized by the Signatory Powers as forming henceforth a part of international law. Article 27 The navigation of the Niger shall not be subject to any restriction or obligation based merely on the fact of navigation. It shall not be exposed to any obligation in regard to landing-station or depot, or for breaking bulk, or for compulsory entry into port. In all the extent of the Niger the ships and goods in process of transit on the river shall be submitted to no transit dues, whatever their starting place or destination. No maritime or river toll shall be levied based on the sole fact of navigation, nor any tax on goods on board of ships. There shall only be collected taxes or duties which shall be an equivalent for services rendered to navigation itself. The tariff of these taxes or duties shall not warrant any differential treatment. Article 28 The affluents of the Niger shall be in all respects subject to the same rules as the river of which they are tributaries. Article 29 The roads, railways or lateral canals which may be constructed with the special object of obviating the innavigability or correcting the imperfections of the river route on certain sections of the course of the Niger, its affluents, branches and outlets, shall be considered, in their quality of means of communication, as dependencies of this river, and as equally open to the traffic of all nations. And, as on the river itself, so there shall be collected on these roads, railways and canals only tolls calculated on the cost of construction, maintenance and management, and on the profits due to the promoters. As regards the tariff of these tolls, strangers and the natives of the respective territories shall be treated on a footing of perfect equality. Article 30 Great Britain undertakes to apply the principles of freedom of navigation enunciated in Articles 26, 27, 28 and 29 on so much of the waters of the Niger, its affluents, branches and outlets, as are or may be under her sovereignty or protection. The rules which she may establish for the safety and control of navigation shall be drawn up in a way to facilitate, as far as possible, the circulation of merchant ships. It is understood that nothing in these obligations shall be interpreted as hindering Great Britain from making any rules of navigation whatever which shall not be contrary to the spirit of these engagements. Great Britain undertakes to protect foreign merchants and all the trading nationalities on all those portions of the Niger which are or may be under her sovereignty or protection as if they were her own subjects, provided always that such merchants conform to the rules which are or shall be made in virtue of the foregoing. Article 31 France accepts, under the same reservations, and in identical terms, the obligations undertaken in the preceding Articles in respect of so much of the waters of the Niger, its affluents, branches and outlets, as are or may be under her sovereignty or protection. Article 32 Each of the other Signatory Powers binds itself in the same way in case it should ever exercise in the future rights of sovereignty or protection over any portion of the waters of the Niger, its affluents, branches or outlets. Article 33 The arrangements of the present Act of Navigation will remain in force in time of war. Consequently, the navigation of all neutral or belligerent nationals will be in all time free for the usages of commerce on the Niger, its branches, its affluents, its mouths and outlets, as well as on the territorial waters opposite the mouths and outlets of that river. The traffic will remain equally free in spite of a state of war on the roads, railways and canals mentioned in Article 29. There will be an exception to this principle only in that which relates to the transport of articles destined for a belligerent, and considered, in virtue of the law of nations, as articles contraband of war. CHAPTER VI DECLARATION RELATIVE TO THE ESSENTIAL CONDITIONS TO BE OBSERVED IN ORDER THAT NEW OCCUPATIONS ON THE COASTS OF THE AFRICAN CONTINENT MAY BE HELD TO BE EFFECTIVE Article 34 Any Power which henceforth takes possession of a tract of land on the coasts of the African continent outside of its present possessions, or which, being hitherto without such possessions, shall acquire them, as well as the Power which assumes a Protectorate there, shall accompany the respective act with a notification thereof, addressed to the other Signatory Powers of the present Act, in order to enable them, if need be, to make good any claims of their own. Article 35 The Signatory Powers of the present Act recognize the obligation to insure the establishment of authority in the regions occupied by them on the coasts of the African continent sufficient to protect existing rights, and, as the case may be, freedom of trade and of transit under the conditions agreed upon. CHAPTER VII GENERAL DISPOSITIONS Article 36 The Signatory Powers of the present General Act reserve to themselves to introduce into it subsequently, and by common accord, such modifications and improvements as experience may show to be expedient. Article 37 The Powers who have not signed the present General Act shall be free to adhere to its provisions by a separate instrument. The adhesion of each Power shall be notified in diplomatic form to the Government of the German Empire, and by it in turn to all the other signatory or adhering Powers. Such adhesion shall carry with it full acceptance of all the obligations as well as admission to all the advantages stipulated by the present General Act. Article 38 The present General Act shall be ratified with as little delay as possible, the same in no case to exceed a year. It will come into force for each Power from the date of its ratification by that Power. Meanwhile, the Signatory Powers of the present General Act bind themselves not to take any steps contrary to its provisions. Each Power will address its ratification to the Government of the German Empire, by which notice of the fact will be given to all the other Signatory Powers of the present Act. The ratifications of all the Powers will be deposited in the archives of the Government of the German Empire. When all the ratifications shall have been sent in, there will be drawn up a Deposit Act, in the shape of a Protocol, to be signed by the representatives of all the Powers which have taken part in the Conference of Berlin, and of which a certified copy will be sent to each of those Powers. IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF the several plenipotentiaries have signed the present General Act and have affixed thereto their seals. DONE at Berlin, the 26th day of February, 1885. [Signatures included here.]

Jewish Migration to the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Jewish Migration to the United States - Essay Example These migrations took place between 1919 and 1924. The Jews from Russia, on the other hand, began their westward foray earlier in 1880 and continued to trickle in towards 1913. This was the time when the Jews from the other Eastern European states began to journey towards the American shores. The Jews from Eastern Europe were close to 20 million, while those from Russia were about 2 million. Most of the Jews came to America through the Ellis Island, only to lay claim over the vast multi cultural terrains of large and crowded cities like New York and the Midwest. (Universiteit Leiden). There are a variety of reasons that have supported the Jewish immigration to America. Primary among these are reasons like political freedom as well as religious reasons. The Jews in general, have been an oppressed lot. Their religious duties bound them to a certain way of life which was soon stifling the slowly modern sensibilities that began to emerge just prior to the first world in communities the world over. There was a sudden surge of new found consciousness which the Jews felt too scared to acknowledge in their present locations. (Parrillo, 2002) The land called America presented them with opportunities galore. ... The land that belonged to the peasants was snatched away from them while children were forced to decide which profession to enter into by the age of 16 in order to ensure that they were not thrown into the torturous Russian army. The Russian army was fast becoming a target of negative publicity with its increasing number of suicide cases. (Universiteit Leiden). Further, in a free land like America, the Jews from Russia as well as Eastern Europe found that they had little need or pressure to affiliate themselves and their entire lifestyles with a certain political way of thinking or political party. This was a refreshing change and helped the Jews breathe in peace. Many Jews came to America temporarily at first, as political refugees, in order to join the labor force and earn a decent living before returning to their homeland in the hope that it will be free by the time they are done with their American tenure. This was the reason why many Jews did not enter into land ownership at the very onset like most of the other migrants like the Irish and Chinese. (Parrillo, 2002) These reasons were vastly different from the Irish, Chinese and Japanese migration experiences. The Irish entered America as a result of the famines that were constantly leaving them in a state of hunger and acute poverty, during 1840 to 1890. The Chinese on the other hand, migrated to America as a result of the Gold Rush in California. These migrations took place during the 1800s and were marked by an air of success and wealth. The Chinese migrants were essentially skilled craftsmen as well as merchants which eventually garnered a lot of discrimination against them. The Japanese, on the other hand, migrated to America in great numbers between 1886 and 1911, in order to make the most of the