Econ Problem Set Essay Example for Free

Econ Problem Set Essay 1) Describe the effects on output and welfare if the government regulates a monopoly so that it may not charge a price above p, which lies between the unregulated monopoly price and the optimally regulate price (determined by the intersection of the firm’s marginal cost and the market demand curve). As usual, the monopoly determines its optimal output on the basis of MR = MC. Here, however, it cannot charge a price in excess of p*. So, for any output less than Q(p*) (where Q(p) is the demand function) its marginal revenue is p*. On the graph below that gives: pm p* MR MC Demand q m q * 2) The inverse demand curve a monopoly faces is p=10Q-1/2. The firm’s cost curve is c(Q) = 10 + 5Q. Find the profit maximizing price and quantity, and economic profit for the monopoly. Revenue = pQ = Q(10Q-1/2) = 10Q1/2 MR = 5Q-1/2 MC = 5 Profit maximization implies MR = MC, so 5Q-1/2 = 5, or Q* = 1; p* = 10. Economic Profit = Revenue – Cost = Q Ãâ€" p – c(Q) = 1(10) – (10 + 5Q) Economic Profit = 10 – 15 = -5. So, the monopoly will not produce at all, and will have a profit of zero. 3) The inverse demand curve a monopoly faces is p = 100 – Q. Find the profit maximizing price and quantity, and economic profit if: a) The total cost curve is c(Q) = 10 + 5Q. p = 100 – Q, R = p Ãâ€" Q = (100 – Q) Ãâ€" Q, so MR = 100 – 2Q. C(Q) = 10 + 5Q, therefore MC = 5. The profit-maximizing rule is MR = MC. 100 – 2Q = 5 ⇒ Q* = 47.5, p* = 100 – Q* = 52.5 So the profit-maximizing quantity is 47.5 units. The firm will charge $52.5 per unit. Economic Profit = Revenue – Cost = Q Ãâ€" p – c(Q) = Q(100 – Q) – (10 + 5Q) Economic Profit = 47.5(52.5) – (10 + 5(47.5)) = $2,246.25 b) The total cost curve is c(Q) = 100 + 5Q. How is this similar/different from that found in part a? The optimal price and quantity are the same, because the marginal cost doesn’t change. The marginal cost is constant at $5 as before. By setting MR = MC, the firm will have the same profit-maximizing solution. The only thing that changes is economic profit. Economic profit here is $90 less than in the previous problem (because of the difference in fixed costs). So, Economic Profit = $2,246.25 – 90 = $2,156.25. c) If the total cost curve is given by c(Q) = 16 + Q2. C(Q) = 16 + Q2, therefore MC = 2Q. The profit-maximizing rule is MR = MC. 100 – 2Q = 2Q ⇒ Q* = 25, p* = 100 – Q* = 75 So the profit-maximizing quantity is 25 units. The firm will charge $75 per unit. Economic Profit = Revenue – Cost = Q Ãâ€" p – c(Q) = 25(75) – (16 + Q2) = $1234. d) If the (total) cost curve is given by c(Q) = 16 + 4Q2, find the monopolist’s profit-maximizing quantity and price. How much economic profit will the monopolist earn? C(Q) = 16 + 4Q2, therefore MC = 8Q. The profit-maximizing rule is MR = MC. 100 – 2Q = 8Q ⇒ Q* = 10, p* = 100 – Q* = 90 So the profit-maximizing quantity is 10 units. The firm will charge $90 per unit. Economic Profit = Revenue – Cost = Q Ãâ€" p – c(Q) = 10(90) – (16 + 4Q2) = $484. e) Suppose (again) that the total cost curve is given by c(Q) = 16 + Q2 and the monopolist has access to a foreign market in which it can sell whatever quantity it chooses at a constant price of 60. How much will it sell in the foreign market? What will its new quantity and price be in the original market? It will sell on the foreign market up to the point where its marginal cost = 60. Since Marginal Cost = 2Q that means total production is 2QT = 60 or QT = 30. Domestic sales are now based on the marginal cost of $60 per unit, so The profit-maximizing rule is MR = MC. 100 – 2Q = 60 ⇒ QD = 20, pD = 100 – QD = 80 It will sell the remainder on the foreign market: QF = 30 – 20 = 10 units. f) Finally suppose the monopolist has a long-run constant marginal cost curve of MC = 20. Find the monopolist’s profit-maximizing quantity and price. Find the efficiency loss from this monopoly. MR = 100 – 2Q. The profit-maximizing rule is MR = MC. 100 – 2Q = 20 ⇒ Q* = 40, p* = 100 – Q* = 60 So the profit-maximizing quantity is 40 units. The firm will charge $60 per unit. Efficient production and price are: pe = 20; Qe = 80. Then Dead-Weight-Loss =  ½ (60 – 20) (80 – 40) = $800. 4) A monopoly sells its good in the United States, where the elasticity of demand is –2, and in Japan, where the elasticity of demand is –5. Its marginal cost is $10. a) At what price does the monopoly sell its good in each country if resales are impossible? The price-discriminating monopoly maximizes its profit by operating where its marginal revenue for each country equals the firm’s marginal cost. Hence, the marginal revenues for the two countries are equal; MRUS = MC = MRJ. MRUS = PUS (1 + 1/ÃŽ µUS) = MC. PUS (1 – 1/2) = 10. Therefore, PUS =20. MRJ = PJ (1 + 1/ÃŽ µJ) = MC. PJ (1 1/5) = 10. Therefore, PJ =12.5. b) What happens to the prices that the monopoly charges in the two countries if retailers can buy the good in Japan and ship it to the United States at a cost of (a) $10 or (b) $0 per unit? If retailers can buy the good in Japan and ship it to the United States at a cost of $10, then it can sell the good in the United States at the price of $22.50. Since it is not profitable, it never happens and nothing changes. However, if the shipping cost is zero, retailers can buy the good in Japan for $12.50 and sell it in the United States for $19 for a profit and undercut the monopolist. This means the monopoly cannot price-discriminate any more. As a result, there will be a single common price which will be somewhere between $12.5 and $ 20. 5) A monopoly sells in two countries, and resales between the countries are impossible. The demand curves in the two countries are p1=100 – Q1, p2=120 – 2Q2. The monopoly’s marginal cost is m = 30. Solve for the equilibrium price in each country. The price-discriminating monopoly maximizes its profit by operating where its marginal revenue for each country equals the firm’s marginal cost. Hence, the marginal revenues for the two countries are equal; MR1 = MC = MR2. P1 = 100 – Q1 MR1 = 100 – 2Q1, MC = 30 Since MR1 = MC, Q1*=35. Therefore, P1* = 65. P2 = 120 – 2Q2 MR2 = 120 – 4Q2, MC = 30. Similarly, MR2 = MC. Therefore, MQ2*=22.5 and P1* = 75.

Hamlet and King Lear - Edgar and Lear :: comparison compare contrast essays

Hamlet and King Lear:   Madness  - Ophelia in Hamlet and Edgar in King Lear  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      In both Hamlet and King Lear, Shakespeare incorporates a theme of madness with two characters: one truly mad, and one only acting mad to serve a motive. The madness of Hamlet is frequently disputed. This paper argues that the contrapuntal character in each play, namely Ophelia in Hamlet and Edgar in King Lear, acts as a balancing argument to the other character's madness or sanity. King Lear's more decisive distinction between Lear's frailty of mind and Edgar's contrived madness works to better define the relationship between Ophelia's breakdown and Hamlet's "north-north-west" brand of insanity. Both plays offer a character on each side of sanity, but in Hamlet the distinction is not as clear as it is in King Lear. Using the more explicit relationship in King Lear, one finds a better understanding of the relationship in Hamlet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While Shakespeare does not directly pit Ophelia's insanity (or breakdown) against Hamlet's madness, there is instead a clear definitiveness in Ophelia's condition and a clear uncertainty in Hamlet's madness.   Obviously, Hamlet's character offers more evidence, while Ophelia's breakdown is quick, but more conclusive in its precision. Shakespeare offers clear evidence pointing to Hamlet's sanity beginning with the first scene of the play. Hamlet begins with guards whose main importance in the play is to give credibility to the ghost. If Hamlet were to see his father's ghost in private, the argument for his madness would greatly improve. Yet, not one, but three men together witness the ghost before even thinking to notify Hamlet. As Horatio says, being the only of the guards to play a significant role in the rest of the play, "Before my God, I might not this believe / Without the sensible and true avouch / Of mine own eyes. (I.i.56-8)" Horatio, who appears frequently throughout the play, acts as an unquestionably sane alibi to Hamlet again when framing the King with his reaction to the play.   That Hamlet speaks to the ghost alone detracts somewhat from its credibility, but all the men are witness to the ghost demanding they speak alone. Horatio offers an insightful warning: What if it tempts you toward the flood, my lord, Or to the dreadful summit of the cliff That beetles o'er his base into the sea, And there assume some other horrible form Which might deprive your sovereignty of reason, And draw you into madness?

Improved More Efficient And Affordable Health Care Health Care Essay

The altering life style of society, an ageing population and the high outlooks for a better quality of life call for improved, more efficient and low-cost wellness attention ( 1 ) . Use of nanotechnology in regenerative medical specialty can offer new intervention modes, when applied to major medical challenges ( 2 ) . Regenerative medical specialty is the method of making life and functional tissues to mend or replace tissue or organ map lost due to inborn defects, harm, disease, or age ( 3 ) . This field holds promise for renewing damaged tissues and variety meats in the organic structure by exciting antecedently irreparable variety meats to mend per se ( 4 ) . Regenerative medical specialty besides permits scientists to turn tissues and variety meats in the research lab and to safely engraft them when the organic structure can non mend itself ( 4 ) . Most significantly, regenerative medical specialty has the possible to work out the job of the deficit of variety meats available fo r life-saving organ organ transplant ( 5 ; 6 ) . Regenerative medical specialty has become a multidisciplinary field ( 7 ) . Application of nanotechnology in regenerative medical specialty can radically alter the manner some diseases are treated in the hereafter. In the last few decennaries, nanomedicines have started coming onto the market ( 8 ) . Regenerative medical specialty can be used to reconstruct, keep or heighten tissues and therefore organ maps. Regeneration of tissues can be achieved by the combination of life cells, which will supply biological functionality, and stuffs, which act as scaffolds to back up cell proliferation ( 8 ; 7 ; 9 ) . In vivo mammalian cells respond to the biological signals they receive from the environing environment. These signals are controlled by nanometer-scaled constituents, so it is really of import that the stuff used produces the right signal to steer cell growing and functionality suitably ( 10 ) . The application of nanotechnology to regenerative medical specialty is a broad country ( 1 1 ) . Nanotechnology is an first-class tool for bring forthing scaffolds that mimic the biological constructions. This engineering besides offers efficient drug bringing system. In this survey, we focused on three different applications of regenerative medical specialty. Our first purpose was to develop an anodization technique to bring forth surface modified nanoporous Ti that can be used as possible system for technology a typical biomaterial for bone tissue technology. Our 2nd purpose was to manufacture a halloysite-PCL ( poly--caprolactone ) scaffold and measure its ability to back up cell growing, distinction, and fucntionality. The concluding purpose was to analyze the consequence of different drug loaded halloysite-PCL scaffold as possible bactericide, antiseptic and bactericidal stuff.Nanoparticles and Nanotubes for Regenerative MedicineExtensive libraries of nanoparticles, composed of an mixture of different sizes, forms, and stuffs, and with assorted chemical and surface belongingss, have already been constructed. The field ofA nanotechnologyA is under changeless and rapid growing and new add-ons continue to supplement these libraries. Examples of nanoparticles are buckminsterfullerenes, liquid crystals, liposomes, nanoshells, quantum points and supramegnetic nanoparticles. Carbon nanotubes and halloysite nanotubes are illustration of nanotubes. Liquid Crystals Liquid crystal pharmaceuticals are composed of organic liquid crystal stuffs that mimic naturally-occuring biomolecules like proteins or lipoids. They are considered a really safe method for drug bringing and can aim specific countries of the organic structure where tissues are inflamed, or where tumours are found. Liposomes Liposomes are lipid-basedA liquid crystals, used extensively in the pharmaceutical and decorative industries because of their capacity for interrupting down indoors cells one time their bringing map has been met. Liposomes were the first engineered nanoparticles used for drug bringing but jobs such as their leaning to blend together in aqueous environments and warhead release, have led to replacement, or stabilisation utilizing newer alternate nanoparticles. Nanoshells Besides referred to as core-shells, nanoshells are spherical nucleuss of a peculiar compound surrounded by a shell or outer coating of another, which is a few nanometres in thickness. Quantum points Besides known as nanocrystals, quantum points are nanosized semiconducting materials that, depending on their size, can breathe light in all colourss of the rainbow. These nanostructures confine conductivity set negatrons, valency set holes, or excitons in all three spatial waies. Examples of quantum points are semiconductor nanocrystals and core-shell nanocrystals, where there is an interface between different semiconducting material stuffs. They have been applied in biotechnology for cell labeling and imagination, peculiarly in malignant neoplastic disease imagination surveies. Superparamagnetic nanoparticles Superparamagnetic molecules are those that are attracted to a magnetic field but do non retain residuary magnetic attraction after the field is removed. Nanoparticles of Fe oxide with diameters in the 5-100 nanometer scope, have been used for selective magnetic bioseparations. Typical techniques involve surfacing the atoms with antibodies to cell-specific antigens, for separation from the environing matrix. Used in membrane conveyance surveies, superparamagenetic Fe oxide nanoparticles ( SPION ) are applied for drug bringing and cistron transfection. Targeted bringing of drugs, bioactive molecules or Deoxyribonucleic acid vectors is dependent on the application of an external magnetic force that accelerates and directs their advancement towards the mark tissue. They are besides utile as MRI contrast agents. Dendrimers Dendrimers are extremely branched constructions deriving broad usage in nanomedicine because of the multiple molecular â€Å" maulerss † on their surfaces that can be used to attach cell-identification tickets, fluorescent dyes, enzymes and other molecules. The first dendritic molecules were produced around 1980, but involvement in them has blossomed more late as their biotechnological utilizations were discovered.Carbon nanotubesTypically 1-100 nanometer in length, nanotubes are most frequently made from semiconducting stuffs and used in nanomedicine as imagination and contrast agents. Nanotubes can be made by bring forthing little cylinders of Si, gold or inorganic phosphate, among other stuffs.Carbon nanotubesNanosized tubings of C known as C nanotubes possess optical passages in the near-infrared that can be utilized for tracking cells. The infrared spectrum between 900 and 1,300nm is an of import optical window for biomedical applications because of the lower optical wind ow for biomedical applications because of the lower optical soaking up and little auto-fluorescent background. Like QD, C nanotubes possess good photostabillity and can be imaged over long periods of clip utilizing Raman sprinkling and fluorescence microscopy. However, unlike QD, which are typically composed of heavy metals such as Cd, C nanotubes are made of C, an abundant component in nature. Carbon nanotubes possess big aspect ratios with nanometer diameters and length runing from submicron to millimetres. These tubings can incorporate a individual wall of C ( SWNT ) or multiple walls of C nanotubes ( MWNT ) . The little size of the SWNT makes it possible for 70,000 nanotubes to be ingested where they can stay stable for hebdomads indoors 3T3 fibroblasts and murine myoblast root cells. Having such a high concentration of C nanotubes within a cell distinction, even though. While such nanomaterials have yet to make clinical application, it does demo the possible for non-invasive op tical imagination.Nanomodified SurfacesAn ideal scaffold for tissue regeneration should hold similarity to native excess cellular matrices in footings of both chemical composing and physical nanostructure. Recently, nanostructured biomaterials holding physical nanofeatures such as nanocrystals, nanofibers nanosurfaces, nanocomposites, etc. gained much involvement in regenerative medical specialty. This is chiefly because of their resemblance of physical nanofeatures to natural ECM. There are many different type of scaffold: nanocrystalline bioresorbable bioceramic scaffolds and nanofibrous polymeric scaffolds for tissue regeneration. Fabrication of porous bioceramics based on HA and other Ca phosphates with interrelated pore construction can be done by the reproduction of polymer froth. The advantage of this technique is the control over porousness, pore geometry and pore size of the fancied scaffolds. Electrospinning is a versatile technique to manufacture nanofibrous polymeric mat rices for usage in regenerative medical specialty. The recent developments in electrospun scaffolds with a particular accent on FDA approved biodegradable polymers such as PCL, PLA, PLGA, collagens, etc have been extensively studied. Particular attending has been given to the mechanical belongingss and cell interaction of the electrospun fibre mats. Electrostatic cospinning of polymers with nanohydroxyapatite to manufacture intercrossed nanocomposite scaffolds as possible scaffolds miming the complex nanostructured architecture of bone has been suggested for difficult tissue regeneration. Advanced techniques for the readying of nanofibers, nucleus shell fibres, hollow fibres, and rods and tubings from natural and man-made polymers with diameters down to a few nanometres have late been established. These techniques, among them electro- and coelectrospinning and specific templet methods, let the incorporation non merely of semiconducting material or catalytic nanoparticles or chromophores but besides enzymes, proteins, micro-organism, etc. , straight during the readying procedure into these nanostructures in a really soft manner. One peculiar advantage is that biological objects such as, for case, proteins can be immobilized in a fluid environment within these polymer-based nano-objects in such a manner that they keep their native conformation and the corresponding maps. The scope of applications of such biohybrid nanosystems is highly wide, for case, in the countries of biosensors, contact action, drug bringing, or optoelectronic Nanostructures promote formation of blood vass ; bolster cardiovascular map after bosom onslaught – Injecting nanoparticles into the Black Marias of mice that suffered bosom onslaughts helped reconstruct cardiovascular map in these animate beings. The self-assembling nanoparticles – made from of course happening polyoses and molecules known as peptide amphiphiles – encouragement chemical signals to nearby cells that induce formation of new blood vass and this may be the mechanism through which they restore cardiovascular map. One month subsequently, the Black Marias of the treated mice were capable of undertaking and pumping blood about every bit good as healthy mice. In contrast, the Black Marias of untreated mice contracted about 50 per centum less than normal. In other recent surveies utilizing a similar technique, Stupp and his co-workers found nanoparticles hastened wound mending in coneies and, after islet organ transplant, cured diabetes in mice. Nanoparti cles with other chemical composings accelerate bone fix in rats and advance the growing of nerve cells in mice and rats with spinal cord hurts. The recent progresss in the readying of some nanomaterials, turning consciousness of stuff scientific discipline and tissue technology research workers sing the potency of root cells for regenerative medical specialty, and progresss in root cell biological science have contributed towards the encouragement of this research field in the last few old ages. Nanoparticles have several possible applications such as intracellular drug bearers to command root cell distinction and biosensors to supervise in existent clip the intracellular degrees of relevant biomolecules/enzymes. Cell-based therapies have produced important enthusiasm and survey and are one of the most active countries of research in regenerative medical specialty. The creative activity of multi-functional tools, which allow the improved monitoring and modifying of cell behaviour is one method of speed uping the gait of research. While cell-based a therapy in malignant neoplastic disease is a immense portion of the nanomedicine attempt for regenerative medical specialty. Bettering non-invasive monitoring methods is peculiarly desirable since current methods of measuring cell intervention typically affect destructive or invasive techniques such as tissue biopsies. Traditional non-invasive methods such as magnetic resonance imagination ( MRI ) and positron emanation imaging ( PET ) , which rely to a great extent on contrast agents, lack the specificity or resident clip to be a feasible option for cell trailing. However, in vitro and in vivo visual image of nanoscale systems can be carried out u tilizing a assortment of clinically relevant modes such as fluoresce microscopy, individual photon emanation computed imaging ( SPECT ) , PET, MRI, ultrasound, and radiotracing such as gamma scintigraphy. Nanoparticulate imaging investigations include semi-conductor quantum points ( QD ) , magnetic and magnetofluorescent nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, and nanoshells among others, While there are presently few illustrations of nanotechnologies being applied to the apprehension of of import procedure in tissue regeneration, relevant utilizations of nanoparticles for regenerative medical specialty such as monitoring angiogensis and programmed cell death are looking.Tissue Engineering in Dental and OrthopedicPractice Implications.AIt is predicted that tissue technology will hold a considerableA consequence on dental pattern during the following 25 old ages. The greatestA effects will probably be related to the fix and replacementA of mineralized tissues, the publicity of unwritten l esion healingA and the usage of cistron transportation adjunctively. Tissue technology buildsA on the interface between stuffs scientific discipline and biocompatibility, A and integrates cells, natural or man-made scaffolds, and specificA signals to make new tissues.A This field is progressively beingA viewed as holding tremendous clinical potency. Clinical jobs associating to the loss and/or failure of tissuesA extend beyond dental medicine to all Fieldss of medical specialty, and are estimatedA to account for about one-half of all medical-relatedA jobs in the United States each twelvemonth. Currently, the replacementA of lost or lacking tissues involves prosthetic stuffs, A drug therapies, and tissue and organ organ transplant. However, A all of these have restrictions, including the inability of syntheticA prosthetic devices to replace any but the simplest structural functionsA of a tissue. An utmost deficit of variety meats and tissues for transplantationA exists. Fewer than 10,000 variety meats are available for transplantationA each twelvemonth in the United States, while more than 50,000 patientsA are registered on organ transplant waiting lists.A Such problemsA have motivated the development of tissue technology, whichA can be defined as a â€Å" combination of the rules and methodsA of the life scientific disciplines with those of technology to develop materialsA and methods to mend damaged or morbid tissues, and to createA full tissue replacings. † Many schemes have evolved to engineer new tissues and variety meats, A but virtually all combine a stuff with either bioactive moleculesA that induce weave formation or cells grown in the laboratory.A The bioactive molecules are often growing factor proteinsA that are involved in natural tissue formation and remodeling.A The basic hypothesis underlying this attack is that the localA bringing of an appropriate factor at a correct dosage for a definedA period of clip can take to the enlisting, proliferation andA distinction of a patient ‘s cells from next sites.A These cells can so take part in tissue fix and/or regenerationA at the needed anatomic venue. The 2nd general scheme uses cells grown in the laboratoryA and placed in a matrix at the site where new tissue or organA formation is desired. These transplanted cells normally are derivedA from a little tissue biopsy specimen and have been expanded inA the research lab to let a big organ or tissue mass to be engineered.A Typically, the new tissue will be formed in portion from theseA transplanted cells. With both attacks, specific stuffs deliver the moleculesA or cells to the appropriate anatomic site and supply mechanicalA support to the organizing tissue by moving as a scaffold to guideA new tissue formation.A Currently, most tissue technology effortsA usage biomaterials already approved for medical indicants byA the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA. The most widelyA used man-made stuffs are polymers of lactide and glycolideA , since these are normally used forA biodegradable suturas. Both polymers have a long path recordA for human usage and are considered biocompatible, and their physicalA belongingss ( for illustration, debasement rate, mechanical strength ) A can be readily manipulated. A natural polymer-type 1 collagen-isA frequently used because of its comparative biocompatibility and abilityA to be remodeled by cells. Other polymers familiar to dentistry, including alginate, are besides being used. Bone and gristle coevals by autogenic cell/tissue organ transplant is one of the most promising techniques in orthopaedic surgery and biomedical technology [ 1 ] . Treatment constructs based on those techniques would extinguish jobs of donor site scarceness, immune rejection and pathogen transportation [ 2 ] . Osteoblasts, chondrocytes and mesenchymal root cells obtained from the patient ‘s difficult and soft tissues can be expanded in civilization and seeded onto a scaffold that will slowly degrade and resorb as the tissue structures grow in vitro and/or vivo [ 3 ] . scaffold or 3-dimensional ( 3-D ) concept provides the necessary support for cells to proliferate and keep their di! erentiated map, and its architecture the ultimate form of the new bone and gristle. Several scaffold stuffs have been investigated for tissue technology bone and gristle including hydroxyapatite ( HA ) , poly ( a-hydroxyesters ) , and natural polymers such as collagen and chitin. Several reappraisals have been published on the general belongingss and design characteristics of biodegradable and bioresorbable polymers and scaffolds [ 4,12 ] . In the United States each twelvemonth, over half a million people undergo entire joint replacing ( 14 ) . The mean lifetime of a rehabilitative articulation implant is about 15 old ages. In all likeliness this means that each patient will hold to undergo a 2nd surgery to keep functionality ( 15 ) . There are many drawbacks with replacing surgeries such as inferior recovery compared to the initial surgery, postsurgical complications and hurting ( 16 ) . The most common account for implant failure is improper growing on the implant surface ( 17 ) . Currently V, Co, Cr and smooth Ti are used in dental and orthopaedic implants. Out of all these metals, Ti is most often used due to its tensile strength and corrosion opposition ( 13 ; 18 ; 19 ) . But the job with Ti implants is that it does non mime the natural bone construction. So there are higher opportunities of implant failure ( 20 ) . Natural bone is nanoporous at the surface. So if we modify the surface of Ti such that it becomes na noporus, this may assist in increasing the life span of the implant. So the first aim is to bring forth nanoporus Ti by the procedure of anodization.Nanotechnology for Bioactive Molecule and Drug ReleaseControlled drug bringing is one of the most promising biomedical applications of nanotechnology. The usage of nanomaterials as nanocarriers for bettering bringing methods has shown to be advantageous technically and feasible economically. Controlled release of antibiotics and antiseptic drug from halloysite PCL scaffold can be used for lesion healing. The basic unit of mending in any tissue type ( for illustration bone or tegument ) is the same. The 2nd nonsubjective, of this undertaking is to electrospin PCL-halloysite scaffold, happen the best concentration and the exact location of halloysite in the PCL-halloysite scaffold by Fluorescein isothiocyanateA ( FITC ) labeling of halloysite and look into its biocompatibility. The 3rd aim of this undertaking is to bring forth drug loaded halloysite-PCL scaffold and trial it effectiveness on bacteriums.Undertaking Aim1. To happen out the best parametric quantity of anodization to bring forth nanoporous Ti. Compare osteoblast cell proliferation and distinction on smooth versus nanoporous Ti surfaces. Nanoporous surfaces should take to better cell proliferation and distinction taking to heighten implant lastingness and osteointegration for patients with degenerative articulation jobs, as it is similar to natural bone surface. 2. To electro-spin halloysite-PCL scaffold and happen the best concentration and the exact location of halloysite in the halloysite-PCL scaffold by Fluorescein isothiocyanateA ( FITC ) labeling of the halloysite, compare osteoblast cell proliferation and distinction on PCL and halloysite-PCL scaffolds. 3. To lade halloysite nanotubes with drugs, for illustration antibiotics and antiseptic, mensurate the drug released from the halloysite and document the consequence of the drug released from the halloysite-PCL scaffold on bacteriums.

Management - 643 Words

Definitions[edit] Although there are different definitions of brand positioning, probably the most common is: identifying and attempting to occupy a market niche for a brand, product or service utilizing traditional marketing placement strategies (i.e. price, promotion, distribution, packaging, and competition). Positioning is also defined as the way by which the marketers attempt to create a distinct impression in the customers mind. Positioning is a concept in marketing which was first introduced by Jack Trout ( Industrial Marketing Magazine- June/1969) and then popularized by Al Ries and Jack Trout in their bestseller book Positioning - The Battle for Your Mind. (McGraw-Hill 1981) This differs slightly from the context in†¦show more content†¦Many individuals confuse a core idea concept with a positioning concept. A Core Idea Concept simply describes the product or service. Its purpose is merely to determine whether the idea has any interest to the end buyer. In contrast, a Positioning Concept attempts to sell the benefits of the product or service to a potential buyer. The positioning concepts focus on the rational or emotional benefits that buyer will receive or feel by using the product/service. A successful positioning concept must be developed and qualified before a positioning statement can be created. The positioning concept is shared with the target audience for feedback and optimization; the Positioning Statement (as defined below) is a business persons articulation of the target audience qualified idea that would be used to develop a creative brief for an agency to develop advertising or a communications strategy. Positioning Statement As written in the book Crossing the Chasm (Copyright 1991, by Geoffrey Moore, HarperCollins Publishers), the position statement is a phrase so formulated: For (target customer) who (statement of the need or opportunity), the (product name) is a (product category) that (statement of key benefit – that is, compelling reason to buy). Unlike (primary competitive alternative), our product (statement of primary differentiation). Differentiation in the context of business is what a company can hang its hat on that no other business can.Show MoreRelatedManagement : Management And Management1504 Words   |  7 Pagesassuring an organization to be able to run smoothly is called as Management. Managers are capable to make decisions that will impact an organization in every phase. These decisions vary from employing new staff to taking a company public. Management is not an easy task, and good managers are highly respected. Management is like investment. 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